Mastering SystemVerilog Operators: A Comprehensive Guide

SystemVerilog Operators: A Comprehensive Guide

SystemVerilog provides a rich set of operators for manipulating data and performing various operations. Understanding these operators is crucial for effective hardware design and verification.

1. Arithmetic Operators

Operator	Description	Example
`+`	Addition	`result = a + b;`
`-`	Subtraction	`result = a - b;`
`*`	Multiplication	`result = a * b;`
`/`	Division	`result = a / b;`
`%`	Modulus (remainder)	`result = a % b;`
`**`	Exponentiation	`result = a ** b;`

2. Relational Operators

Operator	Description	Example
`>`	Greater than	`if (a > b) ...`
`<`	Less than	`if (a < b) ...`
`>=`	Greater than or equal to	`if (a >= b) ...`
`<=`	Less than or equal to	`if (a <= b) ...`
`==`	Equal to	`if (a == b) ...`
`!=`	Not equal to	`if (a != b) ...`

3. Equality Operators

Operator	Description	Example
`===`	Case equality (includes X and Z)	`if (a === b) ...`
`!==`	Case inequality (includes X and Z)	`if (a !== b) ...`

4. Logical Operators

Operator	Description	Example
`&&`	Logical AND	`if (a && b) ...`
`	`	Logical OR
`!`	Logical NOT	`if (!a) ...`

5. Bitwise Operators

Operator	Description	Example
`&`	Bitwise AND	`result = a & b;`
`	`	Bitwise OR
`^`	Bitwise XOR	`result = a ^ b;`
`~`	Bitwise NOT (inversion)	`result = ~a;`
`~&`	Bitwise NAND	`result = ~(a & b);`
`~	`	Bitwise NOR
`~^`	Bitwise XNOR	`result = ~(a ^ b);`

6. Shift Operators

Operator	Description	Example
`<<`	Left shift	`result = a << 2;`
`>>`	Right shift (arithmetic)	`result = a >> 2;`
`>>>`	Right shift (logical)	`result = a >>> 2;`

7. Reduction Operators

Operator	Description	Example
`&`	Bitwise AND reduction	`result = &a; // AND of all bits in 'a'`
`	`	Bitwise OR reduction
`^`	Bitwise XOR reduction	`result = ^a; // XOR of all bits in 'a'`

8. Concatenation Operator

Operator	Description	Example
`{` `}`	Concatenates operands	`result = {a, b};`

9. Replication Operator

Operator	Description	Example
`{n{data}}`	Replicates ‘data’ ‘n’ times	`result = {4{1'b0}}; // 0000`

10. Assignment Operators

Operator	Description	Example
`=`	Simple assignment	`a = b;`
`+=`	Add and assign	`a += b;`
`-=`	Subtract and assign	`a -= b;`
`*=`	Multiply and assign	`a *= b;`
`/=`	Divide and assign	`a /= b;`
`%=`	Modulus and assign	`a %= b;`